Česko-slovenská pediatrie, 2026 (vol. 81), issue 5
Cough and cold medications in children: why is it necessary to raise awareness about their proper use?
Jan David, Patrik Konopásek, Ľuboš Bača, Eva Fürstová
Čes-slov Pediat 2026, 81(5):243-246 | DOI: 10.55095/CSPediatrie2026/038 
Cough and cold medications have long been among the most frequently used over-the-counter and prescription medicinal products in the paediatric population. Numerous international authorities have highlighted the inappropriateness of their use, particularly in children during the first years of life. Nevertheless, these medications remain a common component of both lay self-medication and professional medical practice. The aim of this article is to provide a concise overview of current evidence and to emphasize the need for systematic education of the Czech medical community regarding the efficacy and safety of this controversial class of medication.
Edema in children with nephrotic syndrome and liver disease: from pathophysiology to treatment
Ľubica Ingerová, Pavlína Berceliová, Ľudmila Podracká
Čes-slov Pediat 2026, 81(5):247-252 | DOI: 10.55095/CSPediatrie2026/039
Edema is a common clinical sign in pediatric practice; however, its presence alone does not accurately reflect the patient's intravascular volume status or guide optimal therapeutic management. Nephrotic syndrome and ascites associated with liver disease represent two typical conditions characterized by sodium and water retention, hypoalbuminemia and activation of neurohumoral pathways. Despite their similar clinical phenotype, they differ substantially in pathophysiological mechanisms of edema formation, the nature of hypoalbuminemia, alterations in hemostasis, and in the choice of diuretic therapy. In nephrotic syndrome, hypoa lbuminemia primarily...
Peripheral facial nerve palsy
Jakub Malý, Miroslav Mamiňák, Ivana Monková
Čes-slov Pediat 2026, 81(5):253-258 | DOI: 10.55095/CSPediatrie2026/040
The facial nerve is the seventh cranial nerve, although primarily known for the innervation of the muscles of facial expression of the head and neck, it has mixed functions. Lesions of this nerve are classified as central, involving the cortical region and the corticonuclear tract, or peripheral, affecting the facial nuclei, the facial nerve and the nervus intermedius. Peripheral facial nerve palsy is not uncommon in the paediatric population and represents one of the most frequent mononeuropathies in childhood. Detailed knowledge of the anatomical course and functions of the seventh cranial nerve is essential for proper clinical examination and accurate...
Less common infectious exanthematous diseases II.
Štěpánka Čapková
Čes-slov Pediat 2026, 81(5):259-262 | DOI: 10.55095/CSPediatrie2026/041
The differential diagnosis of childhood exanthems is often highly challenging. In everyday clinical practice, pediatricians encounter not only the classic viral infectious exanthems, but also allergic eruptions associated with drug and food intolerance, urticarial exanthems of both immunologic and non-immunologic origin, and parainfectious exanthematous eruptions accompanying a wide range of common viral infections. Certain types of exanthems are also characteristic of chronic dermatologic disorders (e.g., atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, lichen planus). In addition, exanthems may represent a clinical manifestation of systemic diseases, including autoimmune...
Online sexuality in children and adolescents: a practical pediatric approach to children encountering pornography, sexting, and cybergrooming
Marek Broul, Adam Cipra, Aneta Hujová, Michal Vostrý, Otakar Fleischmann
Čes-slov Pediat 2026, 81(5):263-268 | DOI: 10.55095/CSPediatrie2026/033
Digital environments are an integral part of everyday life in children and adolescents, and pediatricians increasingly encounter situations in which online sexuality forms the background of anxiety, sleep problems, school difficulties, family conflict, or acute distress after the sharing of intimate material. In clinical practice, it is important not to pathologize consensual adolescent intimacy, while also distinguishing accidental exposure and developmentally expected experimentation from coercion, non-consensual dissemination of intimate content, sextortion, and cybergrooming This review summarizes terminology, psychological consequences, indicators...
The most common genes associated with epilepsy in children
Silvia Mináriková, Miriam Kolníková
Čes-slov Pediat 2026, 81(5):269-275 | DOI: 10.55095/CSPediatrie2026/017
Epilepsy is one of the most common chronic neurological diseases worldwide. The International League Against Epilepsy classifies etiologies of epilepsy into six main categories: structural, genetic, infectious, metabolic, immune, and unknown. Currently, the genetic etiology is assumed to have the highest prevalence. This finding has been supported by a development of modern genetic testing methods, which have enabled the identification of hundreds of genes associated with epilepsy and clarified their mechanisms of origin at the molecular level. Among the most common genes associated with epilepsies in childhood are SCN1A, KCNQ2, CDKL5, SCN2A, STXBP1,...
Accessory fontanelles in infants: age profile of occurrence on 3D CT imaging and clinical interpretation
Dominika Laššová, Michaela Dörnhöferová, Ľudmila Podracká
Čes-slov Pediat 2026, 81(5):276-283 | DOI: 10.55095/CSPediatrie2026/042
Objective: To assess the prevalence and age-related dynamics of accessory fontanelles in children with a normal skull shape during the first two years of life, based on 3D CT head examinations performed for mild craniocerebral trauma, and to provide indicative data for the interpretation of incidentally detected accessory fontanelles in pediatric practice. Methods: We retrospectively analysed 3D CT head scans of 348 children aged 0 - 24 months who underwent CT imaging between 2010 and 2021 at the Department of Pediatric Surgery, Comenius University Faculty of Medicine and the National Institute of Children's Diseases in Bratislava and who met the criteria...
Meckel's diverticulum and fibrous residual omphaloenteric duct with ectopic endocrine pancreatic tissue as a cause of ileus
Jiří Slavíček, Jakub Fichtl, Ondřej Daum, Jiří Moláček
Čes-slov Pediat 2026, 81(5):284-287 | DOI: 10.55095/CSPediatrie2026/037
Meckel's diverticulum is the most common congenital anomaly of the gastrointestinal tract. The incidence ranges between 1-3 %. Only approximately 4 % of cases manifest clinically, and only rarely as an acute abdomen requiring surgical intervention. A symptomatic diverticulum occurs more frequently in male population and most commonly presents as gastrointestinal bleeding. Up to 50 % of Meckel's diverticulum contain heterotopic mucosa originating in the pancreas or stomach. In this case report we present a 5-year-old boy with a history of abdominal pain lasting several hours and a diagnosis of small bowel ileus. An acute laparotomy was performed with...