Čes-slov Pediat 2026, 81(88):39-46
Obstructive sleep apnea in children with obesity
- 1 Pediatrická klinika, 2. lékařská fakulta, Univerzita Karlova a Fakultní nemocnice Motol, Praha
- 2 Klinika ušní, nosní a krční, 2. lékařská fakulta, Univerzita Karlova a Fakultní nemocnice Motol, Praha
- 3 Klinika dětské neurologie, 2. lékařská fakulta, Univerzita Karlova a Fakultní nemocnice Motol, Praha
Obstrukční spánková apnoe (OSA) v dětském věku představuje častou a potenciálně závažnou poruchu spánku, charakterizovanou opakovanými epizodami apnoe a hypopnoe v důsledku intermitentní parciální nebo
kompletní obstrukce horních cest dýchacích. Tyto epizody jsou provázeny hypoxemií, hyperkapnií, fragmentací spánku a zvýšenou aktivací sympatického nervového systému. Prevalence OSA u dětí se odhaduje na 1-5 %, přičemž u jedinců s obezitou je prokazatelně vyšší.
Obezita představuje klíčový patofyziologický faktor podílející se na rozvoji OSA u dětí. K její etiopatogenezi přispívají mechanické
příčiny (zejm. nadměrná depozice tukové tkáně v oblasti krku a horních cest dýchacích), hormonální dysregulace a přetrvávající nízkogradientní zánět. Neléčená OSA je spojena s významnými zdravotními důsledky, zahrnujícími poruchy neurokognitivního vývoje, behaviorální dysfunkce a zvýšené kardiometabolické riziko. U dětí s obezitou jsou tyto komplikace častější a závažnější, včetně zvýšeného
rizika rozvoje diabetu 2. typu a progresivní metabolické dysregulace, která vytváří začarovaný kruh mezi OSA a obezitou.
Diagnostika OSA vyžaduje komplexní přístup zahrnující detailní anamnézu, fyzikální vyšetření a objektivní monitoraci spánku, zejména polysomnografii, která zůstává zlatým standardem. Terapie OSA u dětí s obezitou musí být multimodální - zahrnuje jak cílenou léčbu poruchy spánku, tak intervenci zaměřenou na redukci tělesné hmotnosti.
Vzhledem k rostoucí prevalenci OSA i obezity v pediatrické populaci je včasná diagnostika a intervence zásadní. Úspěšná léčba OSA vede ke zlepšení kvality života, normalizaci neurokognitivních funkcí a mitigaci dlouhodobého kardiovaskulárního a metabolického rizika.
Pediatric obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common and potentially serious sleep disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of apnea and hypopnea resulting from intermittent partial or complete upper airway obstruction. These events are associated with hypoxemia, hypercapnia, sleep fragmentation, and heightened sympathetic
nervous system activation. The prevalence of pediatric OSA is estimated at 1-5%, with substantially higher rates observed in children with obesity.
Obesity represents a key pathophysiological contributor to OSA in childhood. Its mechanistic pathways include upper airway soft-tissue fat deposition, altered hormonal regulation, and chronic low-grade systemic inflammation. Untreated OSA is
associated with significant adverse health outcomes, including impairments in neurocognitive development, behavioral dysfunction, and elevated cardiometabolic risk. In children with obesity, these consequences occur more frequently and with greater severity, including an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes and further metabolic dysregulation, constituting a
vicious cycle between OSA and obesity.
Diagnosis of OSA requires a comprehensive evaluation including detailed clinical history, physical examination, and objective sleep assessment, with polysomnography serving as the gold standard. Management of OSA in children with obesity must be multimodal, targeting both the sleep-disordered breathing and the underlying excess body weight.
Given the increasing prevalence of both OSA and obesity in the pediatric population, early identification and intervention are imperative. Effective management of OSA improves quality of life, restores neurocognitive function, and reduces long-term cardiovascular and metabolic risk.
Keywords: obstructive sleep apnea in children, obesity, surgical treatment, conservative therapy, weight reduction
Accepted: March 31, 2026; Published: March 1, 2026 Show citation
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